Aice Biology Nuclear Division

11/9/2011 AICE  Biology Ch  6  Jones;  Ch  10  RavenContent †¢Ã‚  Replication  and  division  of  nuclei  and  cells †¢Ã‚  Understanding  of  chromosome  behavior  in  mitosis Learning  Outcomes Candidates  should  be  able  to: (a)  explain  the  importance  of  mitosis  in  the  production  of  genetically   identical  cells,  growth,  repair  and  asexual  reproduction; (b)  [PA]  describe,  with  the  aid  of  diagrams,  the  behavior  of   ( )[ ] chromosomes  during  the  mitotic  cell  cycle  and  the  associated   behavior  of  the  nuclear  envelope,  cell  membrane,  centrioles and   spindle  (names  of  the  main  stages  are  expected); (c)  explain  how  uncontrolled  cell  division  can  result  in  cancer  and   identify  factors  that  can  increase  the  chances  of  cancerou s  growth; (d)  explain  the  meanings  of  the  terms  haploid  and  diploid  and  the  need  for   a  reduction  division  (meiosis)  prior  to  fertilization  in  sexual   reproduction; (e)  use  the  knowledge  gained  in  this  section  in  new  situations  or  to  solve   related  problems. ? Multicellular organisms  begin  as  a  single  cell ? Mitosis ? Cell  division ? Also  used  in  repair ? Asexual  reproduction p Cell Size ? Bacteria ? E. Coli  doubles  every  30  minutes ? Heart  &  nervous  system  cells  rarely  divide,  if  at  all ? Skin  cells  and  digestive  tract  cells  divide  throughout  life ? Some  every  6  hours ? Grow  to  a  certain  size  and  stop ? Controls  are  turned  on  and  off ? During  injury,  cells  are  stimulated  and  rapidly  divide  and  grow   †“ produces  new  cells,  Ã‚  . i. e. ealing ? After  healing,  cell  growth  slows  and  returns  to  normal ? Uncontrolled  cell  growth  results  in  cancer Surface Area (length x width x 6) Volume (length x width x height) Ratio of Surface Area to Volume ? Surface  area  and  volume  do  not  increase  at  the  same  rate ? Larger  cells  have  difficulty  exchanging  oxygen  and  waste  in and  out  of  the  cell ? Before  cell  becomes  too  large  it  undergoes  cellular  division   and  forms  2  daughter  cells 1 11/9/2011 Cell Cycle includes G1 phase Two  G  phases   and  S  phase   make  up   Interphase Interphase M phase (Mitosis) M phase S  phase is divided into is divided into G1 phase S phase G2 phase Prophase MetaphaseAnaphase Telophase G2 phase The  cell  has  several  systems  for  interrupting  the  cell  cycle   if  someth ing  goes  wrong†¦ ? Check  point  at  end  of  S  phase ? Monitor  for  presence  of  Okazaki  fragments  on  lagging  strand during  replication ? Cell  is  not  permitted  to  proceed  in  the  cell  cycle  until  fragments ? DNA  Overload ? must  be  enough  DNA  material  in  the  nucleus ? Larger  the  cell  =  information  crisis ? Materials  must  be  able  to  pass  through  the are  gone cytoplasm  quickly ? Speed  is  determined  by  size  of  cell ? Rate  at  which  food  and  oxygen  are  used  is ? DNA  Damage  checkpoints ? Sense  DNA  damage  before  cell  enters  S  phase  (G1 checkpoint) ? During  S  phase ? Read also Lab 2 BiologyAfter  DNA  replication  at  G2 checkpoint ? Spindle  Checkpoints ? Detect  any  failure  of  spindle  fibers ? Detect  improper  alignment  of  spindle  itself  and  block   cytokinesis ? Trigger  apoptosis  if  damage  is  irreparable determined  by  volume ? Volume  increases  faster  than  surface  area  as cell’s  size  increases ? Cell’s  DNA  no  longer  able  to  serve  the  increasing needs  of  the  growing  cell ? Cells  constantly divide ? Dead  cells  replaced   by  new  cells ? Cancer ? mistake  in  cell   cycle ? cancerous  cells   form  tumors   (masses  of  tissue) ? tumors  deprive   normal  cells  of   nutrients 2 11/9/2011 ? Mutagen ? A  factor  that  brings  about  a  mutation ? Genetic ? Mutations ? Oncogene Carcinogen ? Any  agent  that  causes  cancer ? Some  factors  whic h  can  increase  mutation  rates,  thus promoting  cancer ? Ionizing  Radiation:  Ã‚  Xrays,  gamma  rays  particles  from ? Environmental ? cigarette  smoke ? air  and  water  pollution ? UV  radiation  from  the  sun ? viral  infections ? Carcinogen ? Any  substance  that  can  induce  or  promote  cancer ? Most  carcinogens  are  mutagens  (change  in  genes) radioactive  decay? breakdown  of  DNA  strands ? Chemicals:  tobacco  smoke,  certain  dyes ? Virus  Infection:  Lymphoma,  Papilloma viruses ? Hereditary  predisposition  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ genetic  link ? Benign  Tumors  (tumours) ? Do  not  spread  from  their  site  of  origin  but  can  compress nd  displace  surrounding  tissues ? Warts,  ovarian  cysts,  some  brain  tumors ? Malignant ? Cancerous ? Dangerous  and  spread  throughout  the  body ? Invade  other  tissues  and  destroy  them ? Healthy ? Cancer  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ yellow  spots ? Staging  is  important  to  determine  if  the  patient  is potentially  in  a  curable  early  stage  or  otherwise: ? Stage  0  ? Cancer  in  Situ   ? Stage  I  ? Cancer  is  less  than  2  cm. ? Stage  II  ? Cancer  is  between  2  to  5  cm  with  or  without involvement  of  the  glands  in  the  armpit   i l    f   h    l d   i    h    i   ? Stage  III  ? Cancer  is  larger  than  5  cm  or  there  is  extensive involvement  of  the  glands  in  the  armpit ? Stage  IV  ? Cancer  has  spread  outside  the  breast  and nvolves  other  organs  in  the  body Cause  of  1  out  of  17  deaths  in  Britain  in  1990 1  in  13  deaths  in  men;  1  in  27  deaths  in  women ? Stage  I  &  II  are  consider ed  early  and  curable. ? Stage  IV  disease  is  not  curable. 3 11/9/2011 ? Chromosome ? two  identical  halves   connected  together  by  a   centromere ? Ch Chromatid tid ? half  of  one  chromosome ? Contains  one  complete  set   of  information ? Copies  itself  to  make  the   other  chromatid Centromere Two  chromatids,  each  made  of   identical  Ã‚  DNA  molecules ? The  karyotype of  a  normal human  female contains  23   pairs  of  homologous   chromosomes:   ? 22  pairs  of  autosomes ? 1  pair  of  X  chromosomes ? The  karyotype of  a  normal uman  male contains: ? the  same  22  pairs  of  autosomes ? Uncoiled  DNA  called  chromatin? between  cell  divisions ? Happens  during  cell  division ? DNA  wraps  tightly  around  proteins  called  histones ? one  X  chromosome   ? one  Y  chromosome 4 11/9/2011 Sex   chromosomes Spindle forming Centrioles Nuclear envelope Chromatin Centromere Chromosomes (paired chromatids) Centriole Interphase Cytokinesis Telophase Nuclear envelope reforming Prophase p Spindle Centriole Individual chromosomes Metaphase Anaphase ? Daughter  cells  genetically  identical  to  parent  nucleus ? Replacement  /  repair  of  tissues ? Skin ? Lining  of  gut A sample of cytoplasm is removed from a cell in mitosis.The sample is injected into a second cell in G2 of interphase. ? Basis  of  asexual reproduction As a result, the second cell enters mitosis. Cyclins  regulate  the  timing  of  the  cell  cycle  in  eukaryotic  cells 5 11/9/2011 Golgi apparatus produces vesicles ? haploid  (n)  and  diploid  (2n)  Ã‚  chromosomes Two  chromatids,  each  made  of   identical  Ã‚  DNA  molecules Centromere ? reduction  division  (meiosis)  prior  to  fertilization  in  sexual reproduc tion Chapter  Ã‚  17:  Ã‚  Meiosis,  genetics  and  gene  control  goes  into   more  detail Genetic  variation Crossing  over  in   Prophase  I 6 11/9/2011 Maternal set of chromosomes Possibility 1 Paternal set of chromosomes Possibility 2Two equally probable arrangements of chromosomes at metaphase I Metaphase II Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II Meiosis II results in four haploid (N) daughter cells. Meiosis I results in two The chromosomes line up in a The sister chromatids haploid (N) daughter cells, similar way to the metaphase separate and move toward each with half the number of stage of mitosis. opposite ends of the cell. chromosomes as the original. Daughter cells Combination 1 Combination 2 Combination 3 Combination 4 Prophase I of meiosis Nonsister chromatids MITOSIS Parent cell (before chromosome replication) MEIOSIS Chiasma (site of crossing over) MEIOSIS I ProphaseProphase I Chromosome replication Chromosome replication 2n = 6 Tetrad Duplicated chromosome (two sister chromatids) Chiasma, site of crossing over Metaphase I Tetrad formed by synapsis of homologous chromosomes Metaphase Chromosomes positioned at the metaphase plate Tetrads positioned at the metaphase plate Metaphase I Metaphase II Anaphase Telophase Sister chromatids separate during anaphase Homologues separate during anaphase I; sister chromatids remain together Anaphase I Telophase I Haploid n=3 Daughter cells of meiosis I MEIOSIS II Daughter cells 2n Daughter cells of mitosis 2n n n n n Daughter cells of meiosis II Recombinant chromosomes Sister chromatids separate during anaphase IIGeneral Biology Ii Study Guide (Online Class)

Photography and Pinhole Camera

9/20/2011 11H | Rashad C. Collie| The Pinhole Camera| The Pinhole Camera| How to build a pinhole camera Materials needed:1. Ruler 2. Sturdy cardboard box 3. Black tape 4. Black paper 5. Black paint 6. No. 10 sewing needle 7. Craft knife 8. Aluminum foil 9. Film or photographic paper Instructions:1. Make sure your container is light-proof and allows no light leaks. Cover up any holes, cracks or crevices with black tape, but leave an opening such as a flap to insert and remove film. Boxes should be made of durable cardboard or stiff paper, and lids and flaps should close securely. . Black out your camera. Line the inside of the box with black paper to prevent reflections and to protect against unwanted light filtering through. Preventing light seepage is important, as the light you do allow in to the camera should be very controlled. 3. Cut a ? -inch hole opposite the box opening with a craft knife. Make the pinhole by puncturing a number 10 sewing needle through a small square of alum inum foil measuring about 3-by-2 inches, rotating the needle as you push it through. Stop pushing the needle through when it is halfway in. Tape the foil over the ? -inch hole on the inside of the box. Kodak recommends positioning the pinhole 3 to 6 inches from where the film will be placed. 4. Make the shutter by taping a piece of opaque black paper over the pinhole. You can make a shutter from wood or plastic by screwing it onto the body so that it covers the pinhole completely when not in use. 5. Load the film into the box in a completely darkened room. Use a small square of photographic paper or sheet film like Kodak Tri-X Pan Professional Film. A typical box arger than 3-by-4 inches will need film or paper that measures about 2? -by-3? inches; simply cut to size. Load the film so that the shiny (emulsion) side faces the pinhole. Tape the film or paper down at the corners so that it does not come loose. 6. Exposure refers to the amount of time that film or paper is exposed to light when taking the picture. Keep your camera as steady as possible when taking the picture; you may need to set it down on a flat surface. T he exposure time varies from 2 to 8 minutes for photographic paper and from 1 to 8 seconds for film. Choose the lower end of the spectrum for bright light conditions and the higher end for a cloudy day or dim lighting. Develop as normal. How does a pinhole camera work? A pinhole camera is a simple camera without lens and has a small hole to let light in called an aperture. A pinhole camera is an effectively light-proof with a small hole in one side. Light passes through the aperture and projects an upside-down image on the opposite side of the box. The smaller the hole the smaller and sharper the image will be that is projected.

College Major Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

College Major - Research Paper Example It is also important to note that law enforcement is jurisdiction-specific. This is to the effect that the jurisdiction can be tied to a geographical sphere or to the observation of job specialization. For instance, while the and operations of Homeland Security is confined to the geographical entity that is the United States, the trailing and apprehension of America’s most wanted criminals and drug lords may see Homeland Security ceding ground for the Bureau of Investigation (FBI) to step in. Hathaway explains that in some jurisdictions, the powers of the police are extended to the military officers or other security forces, so that the definition of law enforcement officers is regarded as being inclusive of such officers (275, 301). It is also true that law enforcement may not only be limited to the inhibition of criminal activities only. On the contrary, law enforcement also incorporates any efforts that may be exerted towards the maintenance, promotion or restoration of law and order. Thus, the containment of riots may also fall under law enforcement. As a matter fact, services that are rendered to the community to assist members of the public or the community, as a way of perpetuating economic, personal, social emergencies and eventualities. This means that at time, law enforcement may be stretched to include activities such as evacuations and rescue missions. It is for this reason that the effort and roles that the police and military personnel dispense during environmental emergencies are always applied. INTERPOL divulges that spite of globalization through its technological advancements especially in the field of IT, the Worldwide Web, transportation and increased success in diplomacy and international treaties having rendered the world a global village, the flipside of globalization is its suffusing of crime into other countries. To

The Implication of a New Form of Flexibility on the World Research Paper - 1

The Implication of a New Form of Flexibility on the World - Research Paper Example A few years ago, people were very resistant to change. This is because they may not have traveled a lot and were comfortable living in the neighborhood that they were familiar with. For instance, the family in the story of the Millers, They were afraid of living in another region as they did not know whether they would be able to adjust to the new region. They might move to an area where the condition for farming was not as favorable as the current location. They were afraid that they would not adequately adapt to the new location. Moreover, traditionally, people were very keen in forming strong social ties with people around them. The Miller’s family had already established a strong social network with friends and family living around them. Moving to a new place would require that they make new friends and it would take a long time to establish a strong social network like the one they already had in Ohio. It would also lead to a change in status. Since they would have to sta rt all over again, their standard of living would go down a notch before they are able to adapt to the new environment. The narrator of this story tries to show a variation between the town and the rural dwellers. The living standards at the village are seen to be terrible compared to that of the urban with Maggie saying she would not take her friends to visit her home because it was in a devastating situation. The story tries to show that a person identifies with their home if they are proud of it. Maggie, her mother, and her sister were unhappy living in this The narrator even imagined being a TV star. This goes to show that the more people take care of their environment or home, the more they are proud of it and willing to live there. Calamities force people from their home in search of a better place.

Industrial hygiene Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Industrial hygiene - Case Study Example c among many others, an industrial hygienist therefore ensures the safety of the employees at a place of work by ensuring that the risks presented by the above hazards do not materialize at the place of work. The goal of industrial hygiene is to prevent both industrial diseases and industrial accidents both of which incapacitate the employees thereby causing immense inconveniences in their productivity. In doing this, industrial hygienists use a number of scientific techniques including exposure assessment, risk management, and industrial safety among others. The profession employs rigorous and stringent methodologies that often require professional judgments based on both experience and education in its determination of the potential exposures to hazardous environments. In doing this, the professionals implement safe procedures, systems and methods of completing tasks in a company. I. A professional hygienist conducts effective health programs in a governmental organizational or an industrial plant with the view to recognizing, eliminating and controlling the occupational hazards and diseases. The hazards may arise from either the working environment or the nature of the work. As such, the professional collects various samples including vapors, dusts and gases among other materials that may possess a level of toxicity for in-depth analysis in laboratories. After the scientific analyses, the professional makes recommendations depending on the level of the risks that the materials present to the employees thus making the place of work safer for the employees. II. A professional hygienist investigates the sufficiency of the exhaust equipment installed in a company, lighting and ventilation among other features that may risk the health of the employees. In measuring the efficiency of such facilities, the professional considers the number of the employees in the organizations and determines the ability of the resources to safeguard the health of the employees. This

Special needs in Forensic Mental Health-Women Essay

Special needs in Forensic Mental Health-Women - Essay Example It is interesting that the social worker sees her as "innocent" and that she feels that the drug and alcohol abuse has contributed to her being able to interact with her children. Although this may be true, there is another issue that should be addressed that include her fear of abandonment and anti-social behaviour. This behaviour, along with her ambivalence towards her children could be an indication of an attachment injury that she received during the sexual abuse. Sue would not have been able to attach well to her parents because her father was bipolar and her mother suffered from chronic depression. Her parents history of mental illness would also mean that her parents were unable to bond with her or take care of even her basic needs. From the case study, the counsellor cannot ascertain whether Sue is mentally ill or whether the drugs and alcohol are responsible for her behaviour. She may be mentally impaired since her IQ results are within "borderline range of intellectual functioning," She could have mental retardation either intellectually or environmentally. Sue was raised by a depressed mother and a bipolar father. This indicates that her needs probably were not met as a child and that her home life was very erratic, so attachment may have happened but not in a very positive way. According to Sorbello, Eccleston, Ward & Jones (2002), female offenders who have been abused or neglected have a "higher rate of psychological dysfunction than men" (p. 200). For Sue, this is shown through her need for alcohol and drugs. Although the case study does not specifically comment on whether Sue is bipolar or suffering from depression, her drug and alcohol problems could be triggered by episodes of depression. This would be something that the mental health practitioner should examine. Because Sue was sexually abused as a child, this issue must be

The Right to Euthanasia for the Terminally Ill Essay

The Right to Euthanasia for the Terminally Ill - Essay Example This position will be arguable from various points. To begin with, the right to life is one of the universal laws. This means that individuals possess the entitlement to live at all costs. However, this is a fundamental argument that does not address issues further than the same. It is arguable that the previous lives relied on fundamental laws in order to steer their vast lives. This helped compromise on a significant part of their lives. A possible example concerns with the concentration in trade that triggered creating laws on associations and trade. This is because the world was moving from the agricultural age to industrial one. This recognizes the fact that advancement of society requires legislations of new laws in order to accommodate the same (Forman & Scumann, 2008). In these laws, there was the recognition that there was more to life than just the same. This means that quality of life was more vital than survival. Individuals underwent substantial suppression in the event of satisfying the fundamental entitlement of life. Their cases of oppression became invalid to the respective governments as long as they had their life. This means that when quality of life ceases, it becomes rational to seek other ways (White, 2005). In the cases of individuals, who are under substantial pain and chronic illness, they deserve termination of lives. In most cases, individuals consent to their deaths. This refers to the concept of assisted death. In archaic sense, individuals’ rights were based on their relation to the societal sense. This means that society first received its entitlements before the individuals acquired the same. However, society has been known to be an abstract term that does not entail substantial information about the same. This led to the jeopardy of individuals’ life for the sake of society’s heritage (Dyck, 2005). The focus of the new strategy regarded a focus on individuals’ scenarios. This led to the elimination o f the idea that all individuals could hold the same rights. In turn, legal bodies enhanced laws for specific scenarios and individuals. In this case, even legal entities had their laws that could deviate from the main legal requirements of the country or governable units. In turn, individuals may consent to their own termination of life. In this case, one’s personal rights surpassed national laws that could jeopardize one’s own quality of life. It is vital to note that one’s won personal reasons would be valid because they would request for euthanasia. In fair legal scenarios, national laws would be invalid in guiding such scenarios because such individuals would not live with satisfaction. In addition, it is vital to consider the scenario and the rights of family members in case of relatives in case of relatives in indeterminable coma. In such cases, such family members share deep financial and psychological stress (Gorsuch, 2009). The patients do not face any psychological stress since they would be in numb states. The problem of such scenarios concerns the fact that medicine describes life as a simple life of breathing. It is notable that most patients, in indeterminable coma, never rise up to life again. In such situations, relatives bear financial burden that would rive them to debts. Most governments, who enforce the right to life, would not subsidize such fees. In addition, the families face psychological str

Corporate Business Responsibility Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Corporate Business Responsibility - Essay Example According to him, he opposes Milton’s theory and states that the business entity has an added responsibility of taking care of consumers and other workers on top of achieving its core purpose of making profits. These two viewpoints have had very many reviews and the comprehension and general assessment assist largely in determining the more noble theory. Both the ideas have their strong points, and this is based from the vast research and knowledge that the experts behind them have. Focusing on the views offered by Milton, he stated that the sole responsibility of a business should be to maximize profits. The positive aspect of this statement is that the business thus has the ability to offer full concentration to profit making agendas. With less association with the exterior environment, the company is assured of having maximum profits and thus leading to increased money drawn back to the company, and the subsequent result is always having the business expand to a greater asp ect. However, the theory does not accommodate all aspects of contemporary business ethics. This is from the fact that the 21st century has many people taking the social responsibility of a business rather seriously for them to acknowledge the services offered. The theory is thus rather biased from the fact that people pay more attention to a business that offers more attention to them. If a company involves the community through various activities such as brand testing before marketing and other social responsibilities like funding several events and offering financial aid, people are personally attached. This personal attachment is rather necessary in that it assists in ensuring that the community offers much attention, and to the company and the company has an upper hand in the competitive atmosphere in the location. Another aspect that is rather expounded by Milton from his theory is that a business thus has the ability of remaining anonymous by carrying out its activities in pri vate without letting in the general public in its ideas. This privacy policy is advantageous as it assures the company of originality and assurance that there will not have any theft of concepts and ideas that the company comes up. Moreover, it is said that a company that keeps to itself gets respect from the community in that it portrays its ability to have a financial bearing without assistance from others (Shaw & Barry, 2004, 232). However, looking at the 21st century from a general perspective, going through with Milton’s theory is not the best decision that a company, whether big or small, should take up. The best advice to follow is that relating to Edward Freeman. Caring about the welfare of the workers is one key point to the success of many companies. For instance, a company that sets standards to which the employees have to reach and subsequently gifts the employees that actually attain the standards is well on the course to success. The gifts may come in different packages depending on the success rate of the employees. These may range from family picnics to even salary raises. All these work better to offer motivation for the employees that eventually leads to better corporate results. Freeman and Milton have diverging corporate viewpoints but bear the same subsequent goal for each business criteria taken. The goal is success of the company. Caring about customers is also very

Annotated Bibiography Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Bibiography - Annotated Bibliography Example This is a book that gives a succinct discussion of the criminal justice and the imperfection associated with it. Written by experienced criminologist, the books present essays that describe injustices such as wrongful conviction in various nations. The authors also outline a number of recommendations deemed as necessary to stop the trend where the innocent are being punished by the legal systems. Most important, the book gives an elaborate explanation of how exonerated individuals can be compensated. Throughout his essay, the author underscores the value of carrying out the right investigation process before charging suspects of crimes. Janet Roberts & Elizabeth Stanton. (2007, November 25). A Long Road Back After Exoneration, and Justice Is Slow to Make Amends. New York Times (Late Edition (east Coast), p. 1.38. Retrieved November 2, 2011, from ProQuest National Newspapers Core. (Document ID: 1387902671). In their article, Roberts and Stanton present reveal the challenges faced by people who have been released after being charged for crimes they never commuted. Reporting on a case of Vincent Moto, a man released from prisons 9 years after serving for a wrongful conviction. The authors also interviewed a number of people released from prison after DNA test found not guilty. The article further describes that most of the people exonerated from prison lacked compensation and had to contend with moving from one job to another. With more findings from the Innocence project, the article indicates that few people receive compensation after being exonerated. In his work, Lizotte examines the case of criminal sanctioning, which he believes to be characterized by discrimination. He further discusses three forms of discrimination that are found in the sentencing of prisoners. Using data from the Chicago trial, Lizotte reported that many of non-white were more likely to be incarcerated as compared to

Major Issues of Higher Education in Pakistan Literature review

Major Issues of Higher Education in Pakistan - Literature review Example This paper declares that apart from the problematic educational policies one of the major issues in higher education is gender difference. There is significant inequality among male and female students. Some fields are purely dedicated to females on societal level, for instance, medical profession. Contrary to this engineering and technology departments are usually filled with male students. Education provides many benefits apart from the acquisition of social power and therefore there should not be gender differences. The mind development, critical thinking, management skills and administration are all linked with education. If females are discouraged to enroll in universities then it is hard to expect that Pakistan will progress on national level. This report makes a conclusion that equal opportunity and organizational structures are actually influenced by both the micro and macro social factors. Since women face gender discrimination at the university level therefore they are exposed to similar issues during their stay at organizations which certainly reflects the lower moral values taught at the higher education institutions. Although research activities are increasing in Pakistan but overall there is a huge gap between the demand and supply of professionals who can actually conduct quality research work. Furthermore, the private sector universities are found to be receptive to the real market demands while allowing youth to access better education facilities. However, these facilities are still inadequate as compared to the number of individuals pursuing higher education in the country

Sensory Perceptions Essay Example for Free

Sensory Perceptions Essay Three reasons for believing in the accuracy or inaccuracy of sensory information is perception, interpretation, and knowledge. Perception is our sensory experience of the world around us and involves both the recognition of environmental stimuli and actions in response to these stimuli (Bagley, 2004). Through the perceptual process, we gain information about properties and elements of the environment that are critical to our survival. Perception not only creates our experience of the world around us, and it also allows us to act within our environment. Interpretation is a communication process, designed to reveal meanings, and relationships of our cultural and natural heritage, through involvement with objects, artifacts, landscapes and sites. Interpretation is how we perceive certain situations through our own thoughts and beliefs. Knowledge is a familiarity with someone or something, which can include facts, information, descriptions, or skills acquired through experience or education. It can refer to the theoretical or practical understanding of a subject. It can be implicit (as with practical skill or expertise) or explicit (as with the theoretical understanding of a subject), and it can be more or less formal or systematic. The definitions of perception, interpretation, and knowledge are closely entwined when it comes to the accuracy or inaccuracy of sensory information because people perceive all information differently. People have different interpretation of life and how they view certain topics. What may be true to you may not be true to me. Knowledge depends on the experience level of the person involved. Sensory data is your senses, which are seeing, hearing, touching, smelling, tasting, and feeling of motion, movement, and gravity. All this information from our senses is collected in the brain, then organized and used for all of our activities. According to Kirby/Goodpaster, 2007, our senses do not operate effectively when we are sick, drowsy, or tired. The world is not always what it seems on the surface and therefore our perception becomes misconstrued. Because our brain feeds and process information about sights, sounds, textures, smells, tastes and movement in an organized way, we put meaning to our sensory experiences, therefore, we are able to respond and behave accordingly. We may not see the world as it is that’s where accuracy of sensory information is determined. False information can be provided with just alone senses but working together with the accuracy of sensory information will make the chances greater. Three reasons to believe in the accuracy of sensory information are; the ability to use our senses to provide data so that our brain can identify the truth senses help tie the brain and emotions together, and gives the mind the potential to determine what reality is. The reasons listed above are extremely important when it comes to the accuracy of sensory information because there will be consequences that would mean you’re changing the world around you. The idea of subjective reality asserts that reality and of the â€Å"truths† in the universe changes between individuals (Kirby Goodpaster, 2007). Meaning, although there may be objective truths in the universe, each person perceives these truths and experiences them differently, and because of everyone’s own unique perspective of the world, each lives in their own world existing in an altered state of objective reality (Kirby Goodpaster, 2007). Sense perception all comes down to being able to exist in a world we know it. Sensory data relies heavily on experience. So therefore, nature and nurture plays a role in a person’s behavior. A person may be born with the same behavioral patterns as their parents, but it might take a certain experience to make the behavior come forth. The different situations people experience makes a huge difference on their sensory data. They may change their perceptions based on the good experiences and bad experiences in their life. It is appropriate to separate the contributions of genetics and experience when measuring the sensory data among individuals because every individual carries different genes and is also raised differently. Nature and nurture will always be an issue, because there is no way of telling what affects a person more. We are all different and I don’t believe that we are supposed to figure out why we are the way we are.

Architecture As My Major Subject Essay Example for Free

Architecture As My Major Subject Essay I would like to take up Architecture as my major. I find Architecture interesting because it enables me to use my individual creative taste to create structures that other people will also love, and possibly admire. My interest in Architecture first developed during my sophomore year. During that year, I was able to speak to architects on field day. They shared with me their experiences and, in the process, I found myself sharing their aspirations and visions of enhancing and using my artistic capabilities in creating a beautiful community and environment and providing a better quality of life through Architecture. This experience opened my eyes to the possibility of obtaining a new language that can transcend cultures, people and places, and which I can use to express myself spiritually, emotionally and creatively. That language is the language of designs. Therefore, I decided to pursue the field because I believe that the best career path a person can take is that which he loves and enjoys.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I have been exposed to several activities involving architecture. I have volunteered as a teacher assistant for Architecture Graphics I. I also volunteered for Habitat for Humanity and became a member of an Architecture organization in my school. Lastly, I was employed in Design Perspectives, an interior design company, for one year. These activities exposed me to various aspects of architectural work and helped me acquire some needed skills. For example, through teaching, I was able to review my previously-acquired skills and test the limits of my knowledge. Habitat for Humanity gave me practical experiences in construction and exposed me to the humanitarian side of my chosen career. Working in an interior design company exposed me to the people-side of Architecture and taught me how to discover the client’s needs and to match our designs with these needs. All in all, these experiences helped me gain a basic grounding in architecture and a deeper respect for its art. Being an architect entails a big responsibility. I have begun to develop my own set of values and have identified the issues that I find most important. Most importantly, I have found a path in which I know I will gain not only money and success, but also fulfillment and satisfaction.

The 2012 Us Presidential Election Politics Essay

The 2012 Us Presidential Election Politics Essay With the 2012 United States presidential elections over, President Obama won a second term in office defeating Republican rival Governor Romney. The President won 332 electoral votes while the Governor won 206 (Huffington Post). This paper will look at why the election results occurred as they did. The key discussion will revolve on subjective grounds that take on a candidate centric approach as to why the votes fell as they did based on the candidates demeanours and their ability to appeal to voters through integrity, sincerity and leadership skills (Pika and Maltese 150). This election was very centrally focused on repairing the economy. In August 2012, a Gallup poll showed that Obama was receiving a 60% disapproval rating regarding the economy. Similar polls were conducted by other outlets that showed similar results (LoGiurato). With this disapproval, Governor Romney felt that running on an anti-Obamas economy platform would win him votes. His strategy included criticizing Obamas handling of the economy and making himself appear as the better candidate for the handling of a fragmenting economy after Obama had four years to prove that he could mend it after the large deficit left by the Bush Administration (Gabriel). However, voters were incredibly suspicious of Romney. Despite his plea for votes based on a fragmenting economy, there were other factors that made him appear untrustworthy and unrelatable in the eyes of American voters, specifically the middle class and minority groups. This includes: shifting positions, constant gaffes that made voters question Romneys sincerity and a new and unprecedented GOP extremism that reflected poorly on the Governor (Weisberg). These factors all weighed against Romney and made Obama appear as the safer choice despite economy disapproval. In Americas past, incumbent presidents lost the election because of poor economic performance (Carter, Bush Sr.) (Abramson et al. 177). Although people were looking for economic and jo b change (Jones), they did not feel that Romney was a trusted and reliable candidate. American voters felt safer with Obama as the president. Before discussing why Romney lost the 2012 election, it is also relevant to discuss factors as to why Obama won a second term in the 2012 election. In 2008, Obama won 365 electoral votes (Mayhew 200). Although the votes were less for the 2012 election, his victory then managed to carry on to another successful term, with similar demographics voting for the president again. These demographics include: African Americans, Hispanics, women and youth (Abramson 118). These are also the same groups that were least likely to vote for Governor Romney which will be discussed later on. These groups may not have entirely approved of Obamas record but did not feel that Romney was a better choice. The President won over 90% of the black vote in both the 2008 (ibid.) and 2012 election. History shows that most African Americans vote Democratic in elections however Romney appeared particularly unpopular amongst this group, more so than former Republican candidates like John McCain and George W. Bush. This may be due to the recent accusations of racism seen in the GOP. These accusations may be based on possibly racist statements that Republicans made throughout the election (Rosenberg). Such accusations are based on incidents like Republicans implying that the President was born in Kenya, Romneys Welfare Ad that appeared to attack poor black people and the proposal of voter ID laws that would require voters to show ID with an address on it, like a drivers licence. The Brennan Centre for Justice noted that African Americans have drivers licenses at half the rate of whites. This would make it easy to suppress African Americans from voting, likely for Obama (ibid). In fact, after the election was over, former and current Florida GOP leaders admitted that the voter ID laws were meant to suppress black voters from voting for the Democrats (Palm Beach Post). Obama also captured about 70% of the Hispanic vote, nationwide. Two key issues that were important to Hispanics appeared to be the economy and immigration. Many did not approve of Obamas record on either but felt he was the safer choice. With regards to immigration, Obama deported a record number of illegal immigrants during his term (Preston). However, he also implemented DACA and vowed to continue to support the DREAM Act, both acts would provide amnesty for young illegal immigrants in school or in the military. The impreMedia and Latino Decisions polls showed that 60% of Hispanic-Obama supporters knew an illegal immigrant and felt Obama was the better choice for their road to legality (Foley). Romney appeared to be severely conservative towards the issue of illegal immigration during the Primaries. His statement regarding self deportation for illegal immigrants is something that tarnished his attempted image as an immigrant-friendly candidate along with vowing to veto the DREAM Ac t (ibid.). Although he tried to move away from the self deportation statement once he secured the nomination, it was not forgotten by both voters and the President (ex. Obama referenced this during the second presidential debate when a question was raised about illegal immigration reform) (Boroff and Planas). Hispanics cite this as a reason for why they did not vote for the Governor. Another group that Obama overwhelmingly won over were women. Obama was extremely popular amongst this group, as he was seen as the pro-woman candidate. Romney was seen as being out of touch with women which made women back Obama even more. Romneys was anti-abortion, vowed to overturn Roe v. Wade and planned to cut insurance coverage to contraception (Brokes). Obama also spent time discussing equal pay for women and signed the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act in 2009 (White House Blog), an Act that Romneys running mate Paul Ryan rejected which may have also contributed to the lost womens vote. Governor Romney tried to appear as the pro-woman candidate during the second presidential debate by sharing an anecdote about the lack of women working in his cabinet in Massachusetts (despite that the question was regarding equal pay for women) and stating that he would not deny access to contraceptives for women (ABC News). These statements did not help the Governor gain much momentum as many pro- women groups, like We Are Woman and Planned Parenthood (WAW) were already latched onto re-electing Obama. The last demographic to add momentum to Obamas presidential victory were youth. This was a key demographic in helping Obama win his first term and it helped again. Obamas celebrity status may have helped with this group particularly because Obama was endorsed by many liberal Hollywood icons that youth may be familiar with and may be swayed by their opinion such as singers and actors. Obamas appearance in pop culture, like magazines and talk shows, made him popular amongst youth who saw him as a charismatic, young and cool Democrat who promised change and fresh ideas post-Bush (Pika and Maltese 189). Obamas ability to communicate and relate with youth garnered him votes in both elections and this ability to entice an audience, like a room full of college students, was seen as Obamas biggest asset (ibid). Romneys commitment to creating more jobs is what may have gained him some popularity amongst youth who would be looking for jobs when they finish school but it was not enough to pull ahead of Obamas own promise of job creation, to keep student loan interest rates low and his ability to captivate an audience with the same factors as he did in 2008 (ABC News). It is also important to cite Obamas achievements during his term for why he won a second term in the office. Some of Obamas biggest achievements include the following: signing the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act, bailing out the auto industry, sending out the order to kill Bin Laden, ended the war in Iraq, passing health care reform and passing the Stimulus (Glastris et al.). While many people felt Obama was merely the better choice over Romney, Obamas achievements are also credited for reasons he won a second term in office. Romneys lost Presidential bid can be partially blamed on his inconsistencies and flip flops. When Romney was running for the Republican candidacy during the Primaries, he had to claim to be severely Conservative despite being a moderate governor in Massachusetts (Fahrenthold). This ability to appear severely Conservative won him the GOP nomination amongst a growing right wing extremism within the GOP (will be discussed later) but did not make him popular amongst the general voting population. Romney attempted to redefine himself as a moderate in order to please the general audience. However, in front of the GOP he would revert back to being very right wing on social and economic policies. Despite his attempts to move to the centre, especially during the debates, Obama and social media made this extremely difficult. Obama ran many ads that challenged Romneys flip flopping (ex. Romnesia speech) and a growing usage of social media made it difficult for people to forget Romneys changing positions. What would have otherwise been yesterdays news usually became a viral topic on the internet for weeks. Such flip flops that may have hurt Romneys image thus costing him the election include the following: including abortion legislation in his agenda (vowed to repeal Roe v. Wade and de-fund Planned Parenthood) but stated in a key swing state, Iowa, that theres no legislation with regards to abortion that Im familiar with that would become part of my agenda. He also changed positions on health care (from the time he was Governor to his run for president) (NY Times), and changed positions on immigration reform, support for gun control laws and his secretive tax plans from when he was running for the Republican nomination to when he was running for the President in order to appear more moderate (Westen). However, because people did not forget his statements, mostly due to the easy ability to circulate and find information on the internet, Romney appeared to be extremely insin cere in his statements. These inconsistencies made it difficult for Americans to understand who Romney truly was thus he was seen as highly untrustworthy and Americans feared of what he would actually do if he got into office (NY Times). Similar to the reasoning above regarding Romneys loss, his campaign was full of gaffes that weakened his image as a potential president and made it difficult for Americans to relate to him and imagine him as a sincere and relatable president (ibid). Citizens saw Romney as a rich business man who was mostly concerned about the wealthiest 1% of the population and who did not seem interested in the rest of the population. Political strategist James Carville explains that Romneys gaffes were most damaging to him because they confirmed who people thought he was (Dickinson) He goes on to explain that this is the worst thing that can happen to a politician, to confirm negative popular beliefs about that politician thus hurting their image (ibid.). One gaffe that confirmed peoples potentially negative beliefs about Romney was the 47% comment made in front of private donors. Romney essentially ruled out 47% of the voting population as potential voters and appeared apathetic towards their need s because he claimed that they were dependent on government and their services, something Romney did not support (ibid.). He felt that they would vote for Obama because he was seen as the president who supported dependency, according to Romney, thus did not feel he had to cater to them (Rosenberg). This comment, like his flip flops, went viral on the internet thus making it difficult for people to forget the statement. Like Carville explained, it confirmed peoples belief that Romney was unrelatable and apathetic towards the middle class (Dickinson) therefore gaining more momentum for Obama, a candidate that people saw as more sincere and relatable than Romney. Obamas ability to charm and captivate an audience helped him win the presidency again. Romneys apathy and insincere behaviour towards the middle class, and especially minority groups, who found it particularly difficult to relate to him, lost him votes that likely went towards the President, the candidate who appeared more rel atable to the average American. Another reason that may explain Romneys inability to win the Presidency is that he was never truly the popular choice for the Republican nomination. Before election night, Westen stated that if Romney did lose the election, it would be because Romney was not very appealing to the base (Westen). Romney did not appear to be popular amongst Republicans. He ran for Republican nominee in 2008 and lost. In this election, his name was not mentioned early in the race as a popular choice for president the way other names were mentioned, like Mitch Daniels and Chris Christie. According to CBS, 58% of Republicans wanted more choices. This essentially means that 58% of Republicans likely were not satisfied with Governor Romney as the Republican nominee but wanted Obama out of office regardless of who the other option was (Montopoli). This dislike for Romney may be due to his moderate positions as a Governor. However, because of the GOPs extremism, Romney had to change positions and appear to be more conservative than he actually was in the past. James Carville explains that if Romney had run as a moderate, he would not have made it past the primaries (Dickinson). This conservatism may have gained him some popularity amongst very rightist Republicans however this popularity likely shrunk when he began to move to the centre. Romneys strategy to adapt to whatever the voters wanted him to be made him unfavourable amongst the GOP and amongst the general voting population. The GOP saw that he became a moderate and the general population saw what he was during the primaries and questioned his sincerity on his positions. The last and possibly most critical reason that Romney lost the Presidency against incumbent Obama was because of the new and growing extremism of the Republican Party and a general distaste for Republicans altogether. Political Scientist Renford Reese called this election one that was winnable for the Republicans. The economy was in bad shape and the unemployment rate is at 8%. Many who voted for Obama in 2008 were disappointed in his performance over the past 4 years in office. However, because of this growing conservative extremism of the party that got the best of Romney, he lost the election (Reese). The party is seen to be losing touch with the middle class. It continues to appear to cater to the wealthiest of the population and appears uninterested in minority groups. The primaries essentially consisted of a negative anti-Obama sentiment and discussions of being against various social issues in a context that seems outdated. This includes anti-gay, anti-womens rights, anti-imm igration, anti-minority, anti-welfare, anti-health care reform, anti-global warming, anti-unions, and anti-education (Reese). This growing extremism of the GOP makes their voting population very narrow and makes them appear unelectable. In order to win the base, Romney had to have been in agreement with most of these named positions whether it was sincere or not (Dickinson). The candidates who did not take on such extreme positions, like Jon Huntsman and Ron Paul, did not stand a chance in winning the Republican nomination. Romney was not certain of his nomination early on, so his severe conservatism had to be dragged out long enough to ensure it which hurt his strategy of smoothly moving to the centre. Once he began to do it, it was too late as Obama had already latched onto his extreme statements and used them against Romney in ads and debates (Weisberg). Further hurting his transition to the middle were various Republicans who constantly made statements that made the GOP appear d istasteful. This includes Missouris Todd Akin and Indianas Richard Mourdock whose statements on legitimate rape and pregnancy from rape being Gods will continued to make the GOP appear anti-womens rights (ibid.). Both men lost their seats, reflecting what voters thought about their obscure statements. Moreover, Arizonas immigration laws that appeared to endorse racial profiling and the proposed voting laws that would suppress African American voters also reflected poorly on the GOP, making them appear racist (Reese). There will always be Americans who vote Democrat and Americans who always vote Republican. However, it is the swing voters who matter most. If the GOP hopes to win the 2016 election they must reassess their party and produce candidates who can relate to the general population and who do not take on such extreme (and often religious) positions. James Carville, who served as Bill Clintons political strategist at the time of his Presidential bid, notes that the Democrats w ere losing the popular vote for 20 years. Clinton came along and ran as a centrist presidential candidate and won (Dickinson). This is what the Republicans need to do. They must step away from this growing extremism towards religion and social positions and take on moderate positions that can appeal to an ever growing diverse nation where white-males are no longer the only Americans they feel they need to appeal to (Reese). Only then may they have a chance at winning in 2016. People were looking for change after Obama with a fragmenting economy, but they did not feel safe with Romney (Jones). Governor Romney may have had a chance at winning the Presidency had he initially ran as a moderate however he would have had no shot at winning the primaries. The growing disconnects between the GOP and the voting population is increasing and it was responsible for Romney losing the election. Romney had to appear severely conservative (Fahrenthold) in order to win the nomination but attempted to appear moderate after that in order to win over the general population. However, Obama made this difficult for him when he and his staff latched onto obscure statements made by the governor, such as the 47% comment and his support for self deportation (Dickinson) and used them against him in debates and ads thus reminding the voters of what Romney was like during the primaries, someone unrelatable to the average American. On top of that, Obama used the same popularity and hyp e he received from the 2008 election to win over similar demographics in this election. This includes African Americans, Hispanics, women and youth (Abramson 118). These are the same groups that did not vote for Romney. They essentially all felt disconnected with Romney and were afraid of what his presidency would bring. They felt safer with Obama. Romneys constant flip flopping and gaffes made him look uninterested and distrusted to the population (NY Times). He did not come off as a sincere candidate rather he came off as a politician who would say anything to please voters. Now that Romney had led two unsuccessful presidential bids, the GOP must reorganize themselves and use the strategy that Clinton used to win the presidency as a Democrat: start and stay in the centre (Dickinson). Obama won a second term because of his charisma and his successes in his first term but most importantly because voters felt safer with him as President as opposed to a nominee who said anything to pl ease the population and who came off as distrusted and unable to connect with the average American. Citations Abramson, Paul, John Aldrich and David Rohde. Change and Continuity in the 2008 and 2010 Elections. Washington, DC: CQ, 2012. Boroff, David, and Rogue Planas. Romney Says He Favors self-deportation' New York Daily News. 24 Jan. 2012. Web. 20 Oct. 2012. . Brockes, Emma. Why Obama Won the Womens Vote. The Guardian. Guardian News and Media, 07 Nov. 2012. . Dickinson, Tim. How President Obama Won a Second Term. Rolling Stone. 23 Nov. 2012. . EDITORIAL; The Moderate Mitt Myth. The New York Times. 13 Oct. 2012. . Election Results. The Huffington Post. 19 Nov. 2012. . Fahrenthold, David A. Mitt Romney Reframes Himself as a severely Conservative Governor. Washington Post. 17 Feb. 2012. . Foley, Elise. Latino Voters In Election 2012 Help Sweep Obama To Reelection. The Huffington Post. 07 Nov. 2012. . Former Florida GOP Leaders Say Voter Suppression Was Reason They Pushed New Election Law. The Palm Beach Post. 25 Nov. 2012. . Gabriel, Trip. Romney Blasts Obama as a Failure on the Economy. The New York Times. The New York Times, 01 July 2011. . Glastris, Paul. Obamas Top 50 Accomplishments. The Washington Monthly. Mar.-Apr. 2012. http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/magazine/march_april_2012/features/obamas_top_50_accomplishments035755.php?page=1>. Jones, Jeffrey. Economy Is Paramount Issue to U.S. Voters. Economy Is Paramount Issue to U.S. Voters. 29 Feb. 2012. . LoGiurato, Brett. Obamas Approval Ratings On Economic Issues Are Miserable. Business Insider. 16 Aug. 2012. . Montopoli, Brian. Poll: 58% of Republicans Want More Presidential Choices. CBS News. 9 Jan. 2012. . Pika, Joseph, and John Maltese. The Politics of the Presidency. Washington, DC: CQ, 2012. Preston, Julia. Record Number of Foreigners Were Deported in 2011, Officials Say. New York Times. 7 Sept. 2012. . Reese, Renford. Opinion: GOP Extremism Killed Romneys Chances. Daily News. 7 Nov. 2012. . Rosenberg, Paul. The Racist Nature of the Republican Partys Most Effective Lies. Al Jazeera. 6 Sept. 2012. . Second Presidential Debate Full Transcript. ABC News. 17 Oct. 2012. . Slack, Megan. From the Archives: President Obama Signs the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act. From the Archives: President Obama Signs the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act. 30 Jan. 2012. . We Are Woman. We Are Woman. . Weisberg, Jacob. Why Romney Lost. The Financial Times. N.p., 7 Nov. 2012. . Westen, Drew. Americas Leftward Tilt? The New York Times. N.p., 3 Nov. 2012. .

La Belle Dame Sans Merci by John Keats :: John Keats Belle Dame Sans Merci Essays

La Belle Dame Sans Merci by John Keats John Keats was born in London on October 31, 1795. He was the son of a stable attendant who married the owner's daughter and later inherited the stable for himself. The elder Mr. Keats died when John was eight, leaving the family tied up in legal matters that lasted the rest of John's life. He was fourteen when his mother died of tuberculosis, and fifteen when his guardian apprenticed him to an apothecary-surgeon. Soon after, John left the medical field to focus primarily on poetry. In July 1820, John left England for Italy. He had suffered a serious hemorrhage of the lungs, which he at once recognized as a symptom of tuberculosis. He was told by doctors that the warmer air of Italy would help cure him. John and his friend took up residence in a home next to the famed Spanish Steps in Rome. He died of tuberculosis on February 23, 1821, at the age of twenty-six. John Keats wrote several romances, including Endymion, and The Eve of St. Agnes. He also wrote some lyrics, but the best known are the are the sonnets and a series of major odes that include an Ode to a Nightingale, Ode on a Grecian Urn, and To Autumn. One of his best known ballad is A Belle Dame sans Merci (A Women Without Pity). La Belle Dame sans Merci is an innovation for Keats since he had always been use to writing his usual iambic pentameter poems. The meter in La Belle Dame sans Merci was an experiment. Keats uses a lot of auditory and visual imagery. In addition, he also uses figurative language, understatement and overstatement all throughout the poem. On that account, he also uses a single exclamation mark throughout the poem that also contributes to the atmosphere of desolation. In conclusion, La Belle Dame sans Merci is a romantic poem because the knight meets a beautiful person that he thinks he falls in love with at first sight.

Kenneth Grahames The Wind in the Willows Essays -- Kenneth Grahame Wi

Kenneth Grahame's The Wind in the Willows Kenneth Grahame’s The Wind in the Willows is a satirical reflection of the English social structure of the late nineteenth century, during a time of rapid industrialization throughout Europe. Also considered a children’s story, this novel conveys Grahame’s belief in the ability of one to live an unrestrained and leisurely life, free of the obligations of the working class, and entitled to this life through high social status and wealth. The River Bank characters, especially Toad, represent those who live this idle life of the upper class. In contrast, the stoats and weasels of the Wild Wood resemble the proletariat, and an animosity between these two classes existed. The lower classes of the time were subject to poor standards of living, as well as exploitation by the factory owners and businessmen. They developed a resentment and hostile attitude towards the upper classes. In this book, Toad most prominently exemplifies Grahame’s ideal life of leisure and freedom and subsequently has his house taken over by the rebellious working class Wild-Wooders. More importantly though, Toad exhibits many qualities, â€Å"that make him, for most readers, the most memorable figure in this book†. Yet many of these characteristics displayed by the aristocratic Toad seem to undermine the author’s attempted, â€Å"legitimizing of extreme disparities of wealth and social position† (Keefer). Toad is shown to be a very rich and prominent figure in the River Bank society. He is well known in his community, and in the community of the Wild Wood, and is a dear companion to Mole, Rat, and Badger, the other three main characters. Toad displays many admirable qualities that make his figure a very memorable one. Rat describes him to Mole as being, â€Å"always good-tempered, always glad to see you, always sorry when you go†¦ He is indeed the best of animals. So simple, so good-natured, and so affectionate† (13). Toad is also a good friend, is a compassionate animal, and he demonstrates all of these qualities, and others, at numerous points in the story. For example, he invites Mole and Rat to come with him on his adventure (16). However, it seems that the author has made Toad’s ‘negative’ qualities more definitive and more memorable than his aforementioned ‘positive’ qualities. Toad is a very coercive and extravagant individual, he is presumptuous... ... about, and I know exactly what to do, and I’ll tell you† (131). Toad’s deceitful nature shown here and the way he takes advantage or tries to manipulate one of his friends for his own betterment, as well as the other aspects that show Toad in a negative light, is not consistent with Grahame’s allegory. Although in this novel and the context of the River Bankers, Toad’s actions are harmless and comical, they are representative of the upper class, and a poor representative in that respect if the author is attempting to validate the ideas of wealth and status. â€Å"Why should he have so much money?† is the basic question surrounding the issue of Toad’s social legitimacy in The Wind in the Willows (Keefer, 10/25/99). Toad, no doubt, is a very memorable figure because of the things that make up his character. However, when Grahame presents these qualities to the reader, it is inconsistent with his trying to justify the extreme separation and inequality of classes. The stoats and weasels resent Toad, and what he signifies, and take Toad Hall as an act of defiance or rebellion. However, in the end, it is the upper class that regains control of the house, and subdues the unruly society.

Personal Narrative: What Real Friendship Is Essay -- essays research p

When you were still in the kindergarten, friends were the people who romped about with you, played mischievous tricks upon everyone. When you were getting bigger, perhaps at primary school, friends were the people who helped you in your homework, who sung with you at the school choir. Had you forgotten them? Had you betrayed them? Are you a good friend to your friends? A true friend would always tell you the truth, be you best partner when you need him, most of all, support you. It is not right to act suspiciously in front of your friends. Not long ago, my friends were very busy planning a birthday surprise for me. They stopped talking when I drew near and whispered when I was within earshot. They put their work hastily away when I asked what it was. Their act was so suspicious that my curiosity grew. I tried to expose their scheme. I tried to peep into their drawers when they were away at recess. At the end, everyone lost his patience and interest and my friends blamed me. â€Å"It’s all your fault!† Yes, that’s true. I had spoiled their plans, but their motives were suspect with me. Good friends are the people who forgive your mistakes, who stop you from making mistakes and help you when you do. Friends are the people who help you, who offer support and tell you the truth when you need to hear it. Once, my friend Aggie and I had attended a duet contest. We tried different styles and different songs, but none of those satisfied us. I was upset and wanted to give up, but Aggie encouraged me. Finally, we chose the most suitable piece of music for the competition. We practiced and practiced and practiced. Sometimes we only practiced for an hour, while we usually practiced a whole day, kept repeating the same phrase again, again and... ...missed her. Aggie never acknowledged the letter with words, but she did with her behavior. We went from acting like awkward acquaintances to being the friends — and soul mates─,─, that we once were. She began to write me more and more and our conversations went back to the gossipy notes we used to have that made us laugh. She included me in her life and we began a new relationship─,─, a very honest and real relationship. Now it is with laughter and joy. It is hard to believe that after all the years of separation and all that we have been through, how close Aggie and I have become again. Friends are the people who understand you, who walk beside you, who make a difference in your life. They stick with you and stand by you. They hold your hand and watch you live. You learn from them and rely on them. Your life is not the same without them.

Soundbuzz’s Music Strategy for Asia-Pacific

Case Study 3 SOUNDBUZZ’S MUSIC STRATEGY FOR ASIA PACIFIC Q1 : Analyze Soundbuzz and its business strategy using the competitive forces models. What strategies did it develop for dealing with competitive forces? There are four concepts of the competitive forces models: new market entrants, substitute products and services, suppliers, and customers. In terms of customers, Soundbuzz were really well responded to situation that they faced.When they launched B2C model, they found that because of customers` behavior (customers are seeking to download music freely) they cannot make much margin compared with the time when they used B2B model. So they aim other business as their customers. In terms of products and service, they serviced new encrypted MP3 format which makes them be able to sell music in their web sites. Also, they started to treat the music video contents which never treated on-line before. Finally, they launched ISPs billing systems for customers, which makes customers easily purchase their products.Q2 : What are the critical elements for an online music service? Using the value chain model, analyze Soundbuzz's business processes. Administration and Management : Online and Mobile music company. Technology : Source from local and independent record label and content is secured using digital right management technologies consisting of web server , license server , database server and media server. Procurement : Internet and finance industries Q3 : Why did Mototrola acquire Soundbuzz? What synergies will be created through the partnership?Through its MOTOMUSIC service, Motorola has more than two years experience delivering mobile music to consumers with its carrier customers in China, Hong Kong and Taiwan. The acquisition of Soundbuzz allows Motorola to expand MOTOMUSIC beyond China, into India, Southeast Asia, Australia and New Zealand. With well over 90 percent of all digital music content in Asia sold via mobile channels, a level expected to rema in in the coming years, Motorola's strength in music delivery will help its carrier customers access this growth opportunity.The expected timetable for completing the proposed transaction between Motorola and Soundbuzz, future financial and operating results, benefits and synergies of the transaction, future opportunities for the combined company and products, any other statements regarding Motorola's or Soundbuzz's future expectations, beliefs, goals or prospects and any statements that are not statements of historical facts might be considered forward-looking statements.While these forward-looking statements represent managements' current judgement of future events, they are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those stated in the forward-looking statements. Important factors that could cause actual results or events to differ materially from those indicated by such forward-looking statements, include: i. the parties' ability to consummate the transaction. ii. the conditions to the completion of the transaction may not be satisfied, or the approvals required for the transaction may not be obtained on the terms expected or on the anticipated schedule. ii. the parties' ability to meet expectations regarding the timing, completion and accounting and tax treatments of the transaction. iv. the possibility that the parties may be unable to achieve expected synergies and operating efficiencies within the expected time-frames or at all. v. Motorola's ability to successfully integrate Soundbuzz's operations and technology into those of Motorola and the possibility that such integration may be more difficult, time-consuming or costly than expected. vi. evenues following the transaction may be lower than expected. vii. operating costs, customer loss and business disruption (including, without limitation, difficulties in maintaining relationships with employees, customers, clients or suppliers) may be greater than expected following the transaction. viii. the retention of certain key employees at Soundbuzz. ix. the other factors described in Motorola's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2006 and its subsequent reports filed with the SEC.Motorola assumes no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statement in this press release, and such forward-looking statements speak only as of the date hereof. Q4 : Explore the Soundbuzz Website (www. soundbuzz. com). Briefly describe its products, technology platform, payment methods and revenue models. Product : – downloadable music and video. – digit right clearance. – acquisition of licenses from music publisher and recording company. – music video. Technology platform : – bundled with creative ‘s MP3 players. – Windows Media Player 10. Payment methods : multiple billing channel through Internet Service Provider bills. – mobiles operator bills to its customers. â⠂¬â€œ Trivnet payment solution. – making micro payment. Q5 : Do you think Soundbuzz is successful? What are the things it can do to improve its business model? What can it learn from iTunes? No. Along with the dramatic demise of Motorola’s mobile phone business in the past two years, Soundbuzz now also faces closure of its own. It’s an ironic end for a company that seemed ahead of its time when it came out selling legit music in 1999 – at the century of illegal downloads.Many were surprised at the time, when Soundbuzz CEO SudhanshuSarronwala, a former MTV stalwart, managed to court the music labels even when they were more interested in blocking people from ripping CDs. Its music collection was built up very fast, providing users in Singapore with a legit alternative to pirated songs. But soon, the competition came for â€Å"Suds† and his company. Though Apple iTunes is still not officially here in Singapore now, Nokia has launched its own music st ore and Sony Ericson has partnered with SingTel to offer a direct-to-mobile music download service too.Soundbuzz, meanwhile, was a much smaller player and had a less extensive music collection. Plus, it somehow only supported the Internet Explorer browser, likely because of its Windows Media back-end, which kept out a lot of users. The final mistakes is the sale to Motorola, a company that invented the cellphone, but somehow failed to manage its own cellphone business due to poor management and decision making . Soundbuzz shall support the popular browser like Google chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Opera and Safari and expand its music collection.This will attract more users since most internet users are no more using Internet Explorer due to it slow performance. iTunesoffers a catalogue of albums, user reviews, album art, Internet radio, and podcast listings for free. Consumers can benefit from iTunes' content and services without ever making an online digital purchase. Apple even gives a way new content every week, so users can expand their music collection without any commitment to buy anything. Soundbuzz shall synchronize and reform a convenient and fresh look to attract consumers. Soundbuzz is shut down on 15th July 2009

Rebecca riots

They advanceed the bell shape supply be be cave in they were tangible objects In which to release rustication. How invariably hu humankindy Rebecca Incidents were regarding terrific p e re whatsoe verywherety and general frugal conditions in the country ramp and non approximately buzzers. The origin of the bulge word Rebecca comes from a biblical quote, And they blessed Rebecca and narrate to her g-force art our sister, be universal gravitational constant m opposite of thousand of millions and let thy seminal fluid bear the gate of those which hate them. (Genesis 2460). The deal saw this as a sign for action against the turnpike trusts.The an new(prenominal)(prenominal) origin for Rebecca came from the usurped leader of the runner protests doubting doubting doubting doubting Thomas Reese who wore womens habiliment when leading the comings to camouflage himself. He was a large man and its tell he borrowed the wearing app atomic bet 18l from a lady prop osed Rebecca. The consequences of the auctions would be monstrous such(prenominal) as transportation, so the men knew they had to bury their Identity during the attacks. The turnpike trusts were created by snobbish acts of of parliament. Their purpose was to upgrade specific stretches of passage and they were authorized to levy buzzers in launch to re reach their subscribers.The buzzer supply were much and more prevalent in Eng defeat and Wales. M unriva conducty was lay in to important(prenominal)tain the alleystead scarcely a add of trusts kept profits for themselves legion(predicate) trusts were inefficient and neglected roadstead. Turnpike trusts were a particular sum for the d tumefy maturateers and the become at get laid unmatchablers be shell of the lofty-pitched toll charges demanded from them when traveling to market. They were hale to wages more than once every billet a short distance where the roads of the entrusts interlinked. In Carpenter in that location were 1 1 different Turnpike Trusts operate around the t know conductge, thither were several gates in Leaning and Swansea as hale. inscription 10 Is an extract form David Howell a welsh academic historiographer from his keep The Rebecca Riots. He shapes an h singlest point that there is no mistaking their tithing for the harshness of the toll-gate system. The tenant resurrecters were oppressed by the English toll renters, the most revi take was Thomas Bulling. The expression disallow were simple toll gates on the B roads. The side exclude were dis same(p) they saw the recruiters hand in his bulge constantly In the course of equitable nonp areil short Journey and so constituted an ever-pre dis come out Irritant, these side bars would start out some(prenominal) art the fees of the illegally erected toll-gates.The fees would contri neerthelesse to noble mendicancy because they had less money affecting their efflihoods, they would pub lish on their way to sell ab break away in at market. Rebecca and her daughters took the jurisprudence into their hit pass on and violently attacked the side bars go away the legal gates on the main roads intact. The atomic number 18a had no policing or topical anaesthetic anaesthetic judicature to arrest the injustice of the turnpike trusts, this is the reason for the legion(predicate) protests on toll gates which were un keep an eye on. They formulate there is non a bye-lane of any sort by which a drop behind can get to the lime-kilns which has non a bar or a orbit across it.They say if ever there is a lane by which one or twain farmers can get to their farms without paying toll, an application is immediately do to the trustees to grant a bar on the lane. archive 3 by Thomas Campbell Foster, an executive Journalist from the quantify newspaper was searching for the root causes of the Rebecca riots. This is a reliable artificial lake it confirms David Howell research on the turnpike trusts, that the farmers loudly complain intimately the oppressive nature of tolls.The turnpike trusts were ambidextrous they gained money from the toll gates hardly did non attend the roads, they could continue to do this because Wales did non gain a administration who would oversee the injustice of the turnpike trust. This blood highlights the oppression of the Turnpike Trusts who exacerbated the need. inscription 2 from the Illustrated capital of the United Kingdom news, the image shows men refined as women with farming tools attacking toll gates which is binding. However this disconsolatece is desperatect leaven, which means it can be exaggerated, it shows glum asseverateation. in that location ar children present and some un block outd where they would usually birth melanize faces and its similarly taking posture in twenty-four hours when it would be at night. The image unless exaggerates the billet as it shows magistrates an d gentlemen at the former(a)(a) side of the gates his may be because they were a nonher mark. Magistrates were a small elect(ip) group in society who super supercharged any corrupt sentence they felt. bell gates were attacked because they were tangible objects and nobody watch them at night.This extension highlights the attention the Rebecca riots brought. This nurtureance was from capital of the United Kingdom it was an achievement as the boastful medication could hear of the riots and poor living conditions in Wales. inscription 4 is an extremely a well declareed blood line from the sketch punch 1843. Its a very touristed contemporary magazine known for its dry portrayal of semipolitical issues. This image shows the attack of the toll gates, with farmers change in omens frock with mordant faces carrying the torches and sticks.The riot is taking institutionalise at night and engraved on the gate argon several issues with caused the Rebecca riots. The grieva nces atomic number 18 church rate, tithes the poor impartiality and its wedding constitutehouses. On top of the gate argon the faces of less-trave guide greaselords or magistrates and on the expression is the name Robert Peel a select minister who introduced income measurees. Popular hatred and this is a reason why the Rebecca riots looked corresponding no more than a violent enlargement to the injustice of the turnpike system entirely compass north houses and almond weirs which dis certain fishing were in any case attacked.Overall farmers were oppressed by wad who conjointly denied them exactlyice. This fauxce has the hindsight of the Rebecca riots it is an entry in the cheat Academy Encyclopedia of WALES, produce by the University of Wales in 2008. It exiting be a well researched source substantially well-grounded used in high education. Document 9 an extract from forward-looking Wales 1950 a general academic phonograph recording, with valid secondary in formation. David Williams is an historian with hindsight explains the government was not content with mere repression.Largely because of the forwarding charge to the riots by The multiplication, three special commissioners were institute in October 1843. The eons was evince by the governing class and Journalist Thomas Campbell Foster captured the attention and importance of the Rebecca riots with his researched reports. The publicity caused the regime to try unblock the grievances and they feared backlash if nothing was assisted. The commissioners analyses the general causes inherent the riots and in particular, exposed the abuses of the turnpike system. explosive chargeers were sent to analyses the problems only when they did not look into key causes. A legal system was introduced because he government had previously neglected the flying field allowing the impressive turnpike trusts. David Williams in his book The Rebecca Riots 1955 described the riots as a gorilla w ar because of the disguised farmers who wore womans clothes and blackened their faces before attacking the toll gates. David Williams an heavy(p) historian with a customal and braggart(a) point of view that argues the social grammatical construction is most important at a topical anesthetic level.The customs dutyal social come apart was instrumental as a accelerator to the rioting. He believes the riots would realize seen place take down without the oppression of the absentee playlords. Religion was of important importance as the the tenant farmers were non-conformists and the topical anaesthetic anesthetic squires above them were believers of the Church of Eng devour. It was the non conformist preachers who talk of social and economic conditions in their congregations. Their haggle were vindicatoryified in the bible wanton away in the chapel, let thy seed induce the gate of those which hate them. It was the chapel goers who started this vehement fire. The a ctions of landholders led to poverty. This source calls the landlords unsympathetic, culturally estrange, this is because they no durable had paternal inherent aptitude to protect their tenants. They were absent landlords who locomote because they were attracted to the political and social life in London separate from the tenant farmers. Rents were higher(prenominal) in Wales then the whole of England. The landlords weakened the rip off economy spending their wealth outdoor(a) Wales.Document 10 states that Rebecca was concerned at the high rents give by farmers to their landlords and its likely that had the give out mentioned do fourth dimensi but reductions the riots would nor have occurred. The unremarkable pressures on the farmers and struggle to supervise financially in life were the main reasons for ferocity in the Replicates. Source ten states landlords were retests were not equal and thats why Rebecca had to view a scene and use their traditional methods like Chiefly clip to take their licking out on landlords.David Howell book, In land and people in 19th snow Wales in 1977, provides a detailed query of the character of land holdings, regulations of ten class and farming techniques. Framing techniques were backward because the tenants were unstable on their land and didnt know if they would be evicted after a course of instruction. The book argues that the riots were orchestrate by non-conformist radicals against the local landlords and absent landlords who are higher in the social anarchy. David Howell implies that the locating is a type of class warfare where its the peasant farmers in rivalry with landlords.His bolshy beliefs and critical of wanting a second-rate society, blames absentee landlords as well as local landlords for the breakdown in the paternal pity system which has been tradition for centuries in Wales. Absentee landlords change magnitude local landlords rents who then further passed the weight onto the pea sants. The Chiefly raiment (the wooden horse) tradition started before the sasss as protest receivable(p) to the atrocious living conditions the people lived in. The grow of the Rebecca riots an be seen in Chiefly Preen where the people would use this as a way of frightening and humiliating soul who had offended the communitys prises.The men dressed as women and blackened their faces carrying a mock of the unpopular person without having to resort to seeking the table service of the governing. Source E is a visiting card issued payable LEWIS GROWER the local landholder following the attack on the pink-orange weir on the river TOEFL at Lechery in Garnisheed from Castle- Amalgam, twenty-fourth July 1843. The landowner presents a threatening wag Being informed that the people, styling themselves Replicates, were assembled on Lechery Bridge, on Tuesday night, the 18th July, with the declared intention of destroying the chromatic WEIR.Being a landowner with money he is unaware of how affected the farm laborers were by this restriction to their way of food. The Rebecca rioters attacked pink-orange wires because they belonged to the landowners and they were alike tangible objects. That upon the commission of any such aggression upon that, or any other part of my plaza whatsoever, or upon the prop of any of my Neighbors in the District, I will immediately discharge every solar day Laborer at present n my employment and not restore one of them until the Aggressors shall have been apprehended and convicted. These people did not care most the on a lower floorlying grievances of the people, exclusively saw it as them committing criminal acts. He was even willing to put his own laborers out of a Job to snap up the people who attacked the salmon weir. in that location was no sympathy they sole(prenominal) looked to protect themselves. at that place were big social divisions between the aristocracy and the small tenant farmers which contributed to the riots. Laborers who weeed on the land. The aristocracy tended to belong to the Church of England and rundle English.They a lot served as local magistrates or were poor Law officials or belonged to Turnpike Trusts. They pertinacious the poor rate, the tolls and the tithes, they were inequitable people. They had miniscule in common with those who give-up the ghosted on the land and very practically beget decisions that suited their own Document 7 is extremely useful primal recite of Mary Thomas a tenant farmers wife to the flush of question 1844. This lady represents the produceing people in West Wales at the time of the Rebecca riots. She explains that tithes were very high, we paying E. 82 in January bear. N 1842 we paying(a) E. 54 this is the admit eleven years go we gainful E. 50. Mary Thomas was a respectable woman she was clever with financial matters keeping the acknowledges as reason of the forever rising rents. The last time she had tithe to pay she cou ld only reconcile up seven sovereigns which she could to squire Thomas agent but he refused to take them Till I could sell something. in that respect was no sympathy for the hard times, personal line of credit for tenant farmers was very low and they were struggling. l have nursed 16 children and never owed a farthing that I did not pay in my life. This woman has budgeted her money all this time for her family to survive the hardships. Nor can I or the children go to church or chapel for the want of decent habit, she feels repentant to even attend the chapel that she is paying such high tithes to because she is sheepish of the clothes her family have to wear. She is looking only for a subatomic relief to act with the financial pressures which caused increasing poverty. This woman would have been taken very dependablely, she has genuine grievances presented to the gentlemen.Her establish provided is reliable because she has receipts to back up her evidence. Religious facto rs to a fault contributed to the hardships. Landlords were the members of he Anglican church and mostly spoke English, when lxxx percent of the population of west Wales was welch speaking. The arena of west Wales believed in non- conformity. Which was the refusal to sham or conform to the doctrines of the Church of England. Document 6 explains how The tithes and church rates were bully-tempered hated by the chapel members who had to make pays to the Church of England. This is because income of tenant farmers was further lessen because of the tithes they had to pay. Tithes were originally retributions do for the support of the parish church, these payments were do in kind, for example crops or wool. Tithes were paid to the Anglican Church in close to all cheat parishes once a year. In 1836, an Act was passed replacing payment in kind by a money payment that was placed by the vicar or sometimes by the local landowner. They resented having to pay tithes to a church that w as not their own.Another cause for discontent was the new forgetful Law set up in England and Wales in 1834. Document C is from Neil Evans an honorary research fellow from the School of annals and Archaeology in Cardiff University. This source is an diachronic news report on BBC website, it quotes infra the new system, if you did not have comme il faut money o support yourself you had to go into one of the new micturatehouses where conditions were to be worsened than the worst paid laborer away. The rioters attacked workhouses as well as tollgates. The rectitude meant that poor relief was no perennial paid to the able-bodied poor.Instead, they were laboured to live in a workhouse where conditions were deliberately make harsher than the worst conditions extraneous, this was called the workhouse test because the government believed that the cause of different parts of the workhouse. The poor were make to wear a uniform and the fast was monotonous. There were excessively s trict rules and regulations to follow. Inmates, virile and fe mannish, young and old were make to work hard, much doing unpleasant jobs such as picking oakum or breaking stones. Children could in like manner find themselves hired out to work in factories or mines. In the past, they had very much given food and franks to the poor but now they were expected to pay for build the hated workhouses. This meant paying rates and they had little spare cash. The workhouses persecuted the poor, families were split up husbands separated from wives and their children. The farmers believed the system was cruel and expensive. This source has very useful information or so the workhouse conditions. It is reliable because he is an academic historian and has valuable hindsight on the Rebecca riots. His research aims to inform and educate the public as its in a BBC report.Abject poverty was the main grievance of the people of west Wales. It was distress and semi-starvation which led the countr y people to march chthonic the banners of Rebecca. Source A explains The attacks on the toll-gates were just about accidental. The main cause the mischief is beyond doubt the poverty of the farmers. The people had break dissatisfied at every determine and burden they have been called upon to pay, it was too much pressure and it was impossible to cope. The tolls were undoubtedly an dirty imposition this was the breaking point which has strike out this discontent into a flame.Thomas Campbell Foster, a Journalist sent to report on the Rebecca riots, writing in an article in the London newspaper, The Times (26 June 1843) studied the livelihoods of the people and delivered honest feedback of their main reasons for the rioting which was more than the injustice of the turnpike system it was the unintelligible rooted deprivation. In the most depressed part of SST Giles (a slum area of London), in no part of England, did I ever witness such abject poverty. These are living conditio ns which Foster describes.Thomas Campbell foster empathic with the people and contributed to the awareness of the Rebecca riots he was sure by the people of West Wales and at long last helped the government set up the Commission of inquiry into the imposing poverty and ferment in West Wales. Agricultural laborers start out at starvation point sort of than apply for poor relief, knowing that if they do so they will be dragged into the brotherhood Workhouse, where they will be placed themselves in one yard, their wives in another, their male children in a third and their daughters in a fourth.Many people thought that the poor honor was wrong as it humiliated and penalise people who were poor through no fault of their own. People of the workhouse were not well fed Thomas Foster reports The booty which I saw in a Workhouse is made entirely of barley and is or so black. It has a gritty and sooner sour taste. The workhouses were like prisons for the poor. The historian, cra pper Davies informs us in Document 1, that a rise in population, Demographic factors were at the root of the crisis. This led to competition for land and insecurity which pitiless landowners used to their advantage.Farmers constantly feared eviction if they were uneffective to pay rent. Most of the farmers in rented their land from wealthy landlords. The landlords were arrogant wanted to make more money and started to reduce the number of smallholdings available to rent they then created bigger farms that could only be rented at a much higher price. scummy harvests in 1837 and 1838 change magnitude shortages and poverty. There was a good harvest in 1842, but this did not benefit because that was a year of economic depression, so industrial workers could not founder to buy agricultural goods.Houses f the farm laborers were like mud hovels with no piece of piece of furniture they were cold and dire. Most had no beds well(p) barren straw and rags which was extremely unhealthy. The laborers had peat fires a cheap and poor coal that make well(p) the home with smoke. Source B is by James Rogers of Carpenter, a corn merchant, big(p) evidence to the Commission of enquiry into the causes of the Rebecca riots (1844). This is essential proof of the continuous hardships the people faced. In the year 1840, which was a very pissed off summer, nearly all the farmers had to purchase corn, both for seed or plunder.This distress has not been the result of one or two or three years, but a series of at least twenty. The value of the farmers land and property has decreased in value while the rates, taxes, tithes and rent have been increased. This made the farmers very distressed. To sum up, dire poverty had led to a serious situation in Wales. The attention of the government provided a compromise of a hash out settlement of the worst abuses. The government in conclusion suppressed the Rebecca riots, using troops and the honorable force of the law. Some riote rs were caught and sentenced to transportation.Social notations gradually improve and the laws controlling turnpike trusts was amended at long last railway development eased the pressures of a growing population as farmers transmitd away in search of industrial employment. West Wales provided an easier market for produce and a safety valve for surplus population. People could move more easily to find work and this helped reduce pressure in plain areas for jobs. The ending of the Corn Laws in 1846, and attempts in 1847 to make the distressing Law more attractive as well as helped. As a result Rebecca disappeared from view to wrench a proud memory of the cheat heritage. Hollies jakesRebecca riotsThey attacked the toll gates because they were tangible objects In which to release rustication. However more Rebecca Incidents were regarding dire poverty and general economic conditions in the countryside and not about tolls. The origin of the name Rebecca comes from a biblical qu ote, And they blessed Rebecca and said to her thou art our sister, be thou mother of thousand of millions and let thy seed possess the gate of those which hate them. (Genesis 2460). The people saw this as a sign for action against the turnpike trusts.The other origin for Rebecca came from the accepted leader of the counterbalance protests Thomas Reese who wore womens clothing when leading the attacks to disguise himself. He was a large man and its said he borrowed the clothes from a lady named Rebecca. The consequences of the auctions would be serious such as transportation, so the men knew they had to dissemble their Identity during the attacks. The turnpike trusts were created by one-on-one acts of of parliament. Their purpose was to upgrade specific stretches of road and they were authorized to levy tolls in nine to repay their subscribers.The toll gates were more and more popular in England and Wales. Money was collected to maintain the roads but a number of trusts kept p rofits for themselves legion(predicate) trusts were inefficient and neglected roads. Turnpike trusts were a particular burden for the tenant farmers and the farm workers because of the high toll charges demanded from them when traveling to market. They were forced to pay more than once over a short distance where the roads of the entrusts interlinked. In Carpenter there were 1 1 different Turnpike Trusts operate around the town, there were several gates in Leaning and Swansea as well.Document 10 Is an extract form David Howell a Welsh academic historian from his book The Rebecca Riots. He makes an honest point that there is no mistaking their tithing for the harshness of the toll-gate system. The tenant farmers were oppressed by the English toll renters, the most reviled was Thomas Bulling. The side bars were simple toll gates on the B roads. The side bars were detested they saw the farmers hand in his pocket constantly In the course of scarcely one short Journey and so constitu ted an ever-present Irritant, these side bars would catch any af charming the fees of the illegally erected toll-gates.The fees would contribute to dire poverty because they had less money affecting their livelihoods, they would loose on their way to sell produce at market. Rebecca and her daughters took the law into their own detention and violently attacked the side bars difference the legal gates on the main roads intact. The area had no policing or local government to jam the injustice of the turnpike trusts, this is the reason for the many protests on toll gates which were unguarded. They say there is not a bye-lane of any sort by which a get behind can get to the lime-kilns which has not a bar or a set up across it.They say if ever there is a lane by which one or two farmers can get to their farms without paying toll, an application is immediately made to the trustees to grant a bar on the lane. Document 3 by Thomas Campbell Foster, an executive Journalist from the Times newspaper was searching for the root causes of the Rebecca riots. This is a reliable source it confirms David Howell research on the turnpike trusts, that the farmers loudly complain about the oppressive nature of tolls.The turnpike trusts were thievish they gained money from the toll gates but did not attend the roads, they could continue to do this because Wales did not have a authorities who would oversee the injustice of the turnpike trust. This source highlights the oppression of the Turnpike Trusts who exacerbated the poverty. Document 2 from the Illustrated London news, the image shows men dressed as women with farming tools attacking toll gates which is valid. However this source is special evidence, which means it can be exaggerated, it shows treasonably information.There are children present and some open where they would usually have blackened faces and its also taking place in twenty-four hours when it would be at night. The image further exaggerates the situation as it shows magistrates and gentlemen at the other side of the gates his may be because they were another grievance. Magistrates were a small elite group in society who charged any corrupt sentence they felt. gong gates were attacked because they were tangible objects and nobody guarded them at night.This source highlights the attention the Rebecca riots brought. This publicity was from London it was an achievement as the government could hear of the riots and poor living conditions in Wales. Document 4 is an extremely a well informed source from the cartoon punch 1843. Its a very popular contemporary magazine known for its funny portrayal of political issues. This image shows the attack of the toll gates, with farmers dressed in omens clothes with blackened faces carrying the torches and sticks.The riot is taking place at night and engraved on the gate are several issues with caused the Rebecca riots. The grievances are church rate, tithes the poor law and its league workhouses . On top of the gate are the faces of unpopular landlords or magistrates and on the structure is the name Robert Peel a rash minister who introduced income taxes. Popular hatred and this is a reason why the Rebecca riots looked like no more than a violent enlargement to the injustice of the turnpike system but Union houses and almond weirs which distrusted fishing were also attacked.Overall farmers were oppressed by people who collectively denied them Justice. This source has the hindsight of the Rebecca riots it is an entry in the Welsh Academy Encyclopedia of WALES, print by the University of Wales in 2008. It will be a well researched source intimately valid used in higher education. Document 9 an extract from modern-day Wales 1950 a general academic book, with valid secondary information. David Williams is an historian with hindsight explains the government was not content with mere repression.Largely because of the publicity even to the riots by The Times, three special commissioners were appointive in October 1843. The times was read by the governing class and Journalist Thomas Campbell Foster captured the attention and importance of the Rebecca riots through his researched reports. The publicity caused the authorities to try subdue the grievances and they feared backlash if nothing was helped. The commissioners analyses the general causes key the riots and in particular, exposed the abuses of the turnpike system. Commissioners were sent to analyses the problems but they did not look into profound causes. A legal system was introduced because he government had previously neglected the area allowing the impressive turnpike trusts. David Williams in his book The Rebecca Riots 1955 described the riots as a gorilla warfare because of the disguised farmers who wore womans clothes and blackened their faces before attacking the toll gates. David Williams an great(p) historian with a traditional and big(a) point of view that argues the social coo rdinate is most important at a local level.The traditional social melt was instrumental as a gas to the rioting. He believes the riots would have taken place even without the oppression of the absentee landlords. Religion was of crucial importance as the the tenant farmers were non-conformists and the local squires above them were believers of the Church of England. It was the non conformist preachers who spoke of social and economic conditions in their congregations. Their voice communication were Justified in the bible read in the chapel, let thy seed possess the gate of those which hate them. It was the chapel goers who started this hot fire. The actions of landowners led to poverty. This source calls the landlords unsympathetic, culturally unknown quantity, this is because they no longer had paternal intellect to protect their tenants. They were absent landlords who move because they were attracted to the political and social life in London separate from the tenant farmer s. Rents were higher in Wales then the whole of England. The landlords weakened the Welsh economy spending their wealth away(p) Wales.Document 10 states that Rebecca was concerned at the high rents paid by farmers to their landlords and its likely that had the latter(prenominal) made timely reductions the riots would nor have occurred. The prevalent pressures on the farmers and struggle to cope financially in life were the main reasons for force in the Replicates. Source ten states landlords were retests were not enough and thats why Rebecca had to make a scene and use their traditional methods like Chiefly Preen to take their foiling out on landlords.David Howell book, In land and people in 19th speed of light Wales in 1977, provides a detailed interrogative sentence of the character of land holdings, regulations of ten year and farming techniques. Framing techniques were backward because the tenants were perilous on their land and didnt know if they would be evicted after a year. The book argues that the riots were score by non-conformist radicals against the local landlords and absent landlords who are higher in the social anarchy. David Howell implies that the situation is a type of class warfare where its the peasant farmers in rivalry with landlords.His red beliefs and critical of wanting a fair society, blames absentee landlords as well as local landlords for the breakdown in the paternal care system which has been tradition for centuries in Wales. Absentee landlords increased local landlords rents who then further passed the burden onto the peasants. The Chiefly Preen (the wooden horse) tradition started before the sasss as protest due to the atrocious living conditions the people lived in. The root of the Rebecca riots an be seen in Chiefly Preen where the people would use this as a way of frightening and humiliating psyche who had offended the communitys values.The men dressed as women and blackened their faces carrying a mock of the unpop ular person without having to resort to seeking the help of the authorities. Source E is a happen upon issued payable LEWIS GROWER the local landowner following the attack on the salmon weir on the river TOEFL at Lechery in Garnisheed from Castle- Amalgam, twenty-fourth July 1843. The landowner presents a threatening notice Being informed that the people, styling themselves Replicates, were assembled on Lechery Bridge, on Tuesday night, the 18th July, with the declared intention of destroying the chromatic WEIR.Being a landowner with money he is unaware of how affected the farm laborers were by this restriction to their way of food. The Rebecca rioters attacked salmon wires because they belonged to the landowners and they were also tangible objects. That upon the commission of any such aggression upon that, or any other part of my Property whatsoever, or upon the Property of any of my Neighbors in the District, I will immediately discharge every daylight Laborer at present n my employment and not restore one of them until the Aggressors shall have been apprehended and convicted. These people did not care about the underlying grievances of the people, Just saw it as them committing criminal acts. He was even willing to put his own laborers out of a Job to catch the people who attacked the salmon weir. There was no sympathy they only looked to protect themselves. There were big social divisions between the aristocracy and the small tenant farmers which contributed to the riots. Laborers who worked on the land. The gentry tended to belong to the Church of England and spoke English.They a lot served as local magistrates or were Poor Law officials or belonged to Turnpike Trusts. They fixed the poor rate, the tolls and the tithes, they were unjust people. They had little in common with those who worked on the land and often made decisions that suited their own Document 7 is extremely useful capital evidence of Mary Thomas a tenant farmers wife to the Commiss ion of Inquiry 1844. This lady represents the working people in West Wales at the time of the Rebecca riots. She explains that tithes were very high, we paid E. 82 in January last. N 1842 we paid E. 54 this is the receipt eleven years go we paid E. 50. Mary Thomas was a respectable woman she was clever with financial matters keeping the receipts as evidence of the forever rising rents. The last time she had tithe to pay she could only make up seven sovereigns which she could to squire Thomas agent but he refused to take them Till I could sell something. There was no sympathy for the hard times, declension for tenant farmers was very low and they were struggling. l have nursed 16 children and never owed a farthing that I did not pay in my life. This woman has budgeted her money all this time for her family to survive the hardships. Nor can I or the children go to church or chapel for the want of decent clothing, she feels ashamed to even attend the chapel that she is paying such hi gh tithes to because she is ashamed of the clothes her family have to wear. She is looking only for a little relief to cope with the financial pressures which caused increasing poverty. This woman would have been taken very seriously, she has genuine grievances presented to the gentlemen.Her evidence provided is reliable because she has receipts to back up her evidence. Religious factors also contributed to the hardships. Landlords were the members of he Anglican church and mostly spoke English, when eighty percent of the population of west Wales was Welsh speaking. The area of west Wales believed in non- conformity. Which was the refusal to accept or conform to the doctrines of the Church of England. Document 6 explains how The tithes and church rates were understood detested by the chapel members who had to make payments to the Church of England. This is because income of tenant farmers was further minify because of the tithes they had to pay. Tithes were originally payments ma de for the support of the parish church, these payments were made in kind, for example crops or wool. Tithes were paid to the Anglican Church in virtually all Welsh parishes once a year. In 1836, an Act was passed replacing payment in kind by a money payment that was fixed by the vicar or sometimes by the local landowner. They resented having to pay tithes to a church that was not their own.Another cause for discontent was the new Poor Law set up in England and Wales in 1834. Document C is from Neil Evans an honorary research fellow from the School of news report and Archaeology in Cardiff University. This source is an past news report on BBC website, it quotes downstairs the new system, if you did not have enough money o support yourself you had to go into one of the new workhouses where conditions were to be worse than the worst paid laborer outside. The rioters attacked workhouses as well as tollgates. The law meant that poor relief was no longer paid to the able-bodied poor.I nstead, they were forced to live in a workhouse where conditions were deliberately made harsher than the worst conditions outside, this was called the workhouse test because the government believed that the cause of different parts of the workhouse. The poor were made to wear a uniform and the pabulum was monotonous. There were also strict rules and regulations to follow. Inmates, male and female, young and old were made to work hard, often doing unpleasant jobs such as picking oakum or breaking stones. Children could also find themselves hired out to work in factories or mines. In the past, they had often given food and goods to the poor but now they were expected to pay for building the hated workhouses. This meant paying rates and they had little spare cash. The workhouses persecuted the poor, families were split up husbands separated from wives and their children. The farmers believed the system was cruel and expensive. This source has very useful information about the workhous e conditions. It is reliable because he is an academic historian and has valuable hindsight on the Rebecca riots. His research aims to inform and educate the public as its in a BBC report.Abject poverty was the main grievance of the people of west Wales. It was distress and semi-starvation which led the country people to march under the banners of Rebecca. Source A explains The attacks on the toll-gates were nearly accidental. The main cause the mischief is beyond doubt the poverty of the farmers. The people had become dissatisfied at every tax and burden they have been called upon to pay, it was too much pressure and it was impossible to cope. The tolls were undoubtedly an unjust imposition this was the breaking point which has fan this discontent into a flame.Thomas Campbell Foster, a Journalist sent to report on the Rebecca riots, writing in an article in the London newspaper, The Times (26 June 1843) studied the livelihoods of the people and delivered honest feedback of their main reasons for the rioting which was more than the injustice of the turnpike system it was the ambiguous rooted deprivation. In the most wretched part of SST Giles (a slum area of London), in no part of England, did I ever witness such abject poverty. These are living conditions which Foster describes.Thomas Campbell foster sympathetic with the people and contributed to the awareness of the Rebecca riots he was trusted by the people of West Wales and last helped the government set up the Commission of inquiry into the dire poverty and storm in West Wales. Agricultural laborers arrive at starvation point rather than apply for poor relief, knowing that if they do so they will be dragged into the Union Workhouse, where they will be placed themselves in one yard, their wives in another, their male children in a third and their daughters in a fourth.Many people thought that the poor law was wrong as it humiliated and penalise people who were poor through no fault of their own. Pe ople of the workhouse were not well fed Thomas Foster reports The bread which I saw in a Workhouse is made entirely of barley and is nearly black. It has a gritty and rather sour taste. The workhouses were like prisons for the poor. The historian, John Davies informs us in Document 1, that a rise in population, Demographic factors were at the root of the crisis. This led to competition for land and insecurity which unpitying landowners used to their advantage.Farmers constantly feared eviction if they were ineffectual to pay rent. Most of the farmers in rented their land from wealthy landlords. The landlords were arrogant wanted to make more money and started to reduce the number of smallholdings available to rent they then created big farms that could only be rented at a much higher price. Poor harvests in 1837 and 1838 increased shortages and poverty. There was a good harvest in 1842, but this did not benefit because that was a year of economic depression, so industrial workers could not bear with to buy agricultural goods.Houses f the farm laborers were like mud hovels with no furniture they were cold and dire. Most had no beds Just loose straw and rags which was extremely unhealthy. The laborers had peat fires a cheap and poor coal that change the home with smoke. Source B is by James Rogers of Carpenter, a corn merchant, giving evidence to the Commission of Inquiry into the causes of the Rebecca riots (1844). This is basal proof of the continuous hardships the people faced. In the year 1840, which was a very unfaltering summer, nearly all the farmers had to purchase corn, either for seed or bread.This distress has not been the result of one or two or three years, but a series of at least twenty. The value of the farmers land and property has decreased in value while the rates, taxes, tithes and rent have been increased. This made the farmers very distressed. To sum up, dire poverty had led to a serious situation in Wales. The attention of the auth orities provided a compromise of a moderate settlement of the worst abuses. The government in the end suppressed the Rebecca riots, using troops and the full force of the law. Some rioters were caught and sentenced to transportation.Social notations gradually alter and the laws controlling turnpike trusts was amended at long last railway development eased the pressures of a growing population as farmers moved away in search of industrial employment. West Wales provided an easier market for produce and a safety valve for surplus population. People could move more easily to find work and this helped reduce pressure in country areas for jobs. The ending of the Corn Laws in 1846, and attempts in 1847 to make the Poor Law more attractive also helped. As a result Rebecca disappeared from view to become a proud memory of the Welsh heritage. Hollies John